The human challege 12 chapters 9, 10, and 11

Question 1

Matrilineal descent groups are associated with farming societies in which ____ are the breadwinners.

Correct Answer: women

Question 2


In the Hawaiian system of kinship terminology, ego's father, father's brother and mother's brother are all referred to by the same term, and ego's mother, mother's sister and father's sister are all referred by the same term; the term "brother" includes ego's brothers as well as male cousins. This is also called ________ system.

Correct Answer: a generational

Question 3


Among the Hopi, matrilineages function as landholding corporations. The lineage gives land to its members--the women of the matrilineage, whose husbands work the land for them. A man's son learns from his father how to work the land; if he is unruly, he is disciplined by his ____.

Correct Answer: mother's brother

Question 4


The least complex system of kinship terminology (the one with the fewest terms for an anthropologist to memorize) is ____.

Correct Answer: Hawaiian

Question 5


In what country do we find the Maori people?

Correct Answer: New Zealand

Question 6


The kin-ordered social structure of the ____ offers an interesting ethnographic example of a moiety system.

Correct Answer: Winnebagos

Question 7


Lineages, clans, phratries, and moieties are types of ____.

Correct Answer: descent groups

Question 8


In autumn 1981, anthropologist ____ went to Maine to check out a job at the Association of Aroostook Indians, which needed a research and development director.

Correct Answer: Harald Prins

Question 9


Membership in a ____ is determined not by descent from a common ancestor (as in descent groups) but by the fact that they share a living relative (ego) who is the central organizing figure.

Correct Answer: kindred

Question 10


Totemism was defined by British anthropologist ____ as a set of "customs and beliefs by which there is set up a special system of relations between the society and the plants, animals, and other natural objects that are important in social life."

Correct Answer: A.R. Radcliffe-Brown

Question 11


Bilateral kinship and bilateral descent can be used interchangeably since they mean the same thing.

Correct Answer: False

Question 12


Each Scottish clan has its own traditional tartan; the patterns themselves are extremely ancient.

Correct Answer: False

Question 13


Among pastoralists and intensive agriculturalists, matrilineal descent is common.

Correct Answer: False

Question 14


The Hawaiian form of kinship is the least complex.

Correct Answer: True

Question 15


The parent-child bond appears to provide the basis for the structured social groups called descent groups.

Correct Answer: True

Question 16


Patrilineal descent is sometimes known as agnatic descent.

Correct Answer: True

Question 17


An important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage is/are the ____.

Correct Answer: social club

Question 18


____% of marriages end in divorce in the United States.

Correct Answer: 50

Question 19


A household composed of married people contains ____ kin.

Correct Answer: affinal

Question 20


Among the Nayar, ____.

Correct Answer: a household is composed of consanguineal kin

Question 21


A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live in the husband's father's or wife's mother's place of residence is called ____ residence.

Correct Answer: ambilocal

Question 22


In which of the following cultural centers is homosexuality openly accepted as part of the urban lifestyle?

Correct Answer: all of the above.

Question 23


Claude Levi-Strauss founded a school of thought in anthropology known as ____.

Correct Answer: structuralism

Question 24


Detailed census records made in Roman Egypt show that brother-sister marriages among members of the non-royal farming class were common. What light does this shed on the incest taboo?

Correct Answer: It demonstrates that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding, it occasionally occurs and may even be preferred.

Question 25


When the economy is based on ____ and when the man does most of the productive work, the bride's people may give a dowry that protects the woman against desertion and is a statement of her economic status, especially because the differences in wealth and ownership of property are important.

Correct Answer: intensive agriculture

Question 26


Which of the following constitutes a culturally valid reason for divorce among different human groups?

Correct Answer: All of the above

Question 27


Since the 1860s in Montana, marriage is possible between two people when neither is present.

Correct Answer: True

Question 28


Anthropologists have found that the incest taboo is a universal phenomenon.

Correct Answer: True

Question 29


Monogamy is the form of marriage North Americans are most familiar with.

Correct Answer: True

Question 30


Marriage inside the group is called exogamy.

Correct Answer: False

Question 31


First-cousin marriage is prohibited in 40 states in the United States.

Correct Answer: False

Question 32


About one half of all births in the United States occur outside of marriage.

Correct Answer: False

Question 33


In North America extended families can be found on many American Indian reservations.

Correct Answer: True

Question 34


With the recent diversity and vitality of common-interest associations, observers have noted a recent increase in participation in all sorts of these groups, especially in North America.

Correct Answer: False

Question 35


Native American groups hold pow wows on reservations and in cities to maintain and re-establish cultural traditions lostg after generations of forced assimilation and schooling of their youth.

Correct Answer: True

Question 36


All human societies have some division of labor by sex.

Correct Answer: True

Question 37


Different cultural groups may occupy the same geographic space, but each can see and divide it differently in terms that are meaningful only within their group.

Correct Answer: True

Question 38


India's national constitution of 1950 abolished caste discrimination and the practice of untouchability, in effect doing away with the caste system.

Correct Answer: False

Question 39


In a number of African societies, women belong to social clubs that complement those of the men, and are concerned with educating women and with crafts, charitable, and wealth-generating activities.

Correct Answer: True

Question 40


To be a Tiriki "warrior" is the equivalent of being a student in an American college, in that both are age grades through which individuals pass.

Correct Answer: True

Question 41


An age ____ is a category of people based on age (individuals pass through the categories which are identified as significant by their culture), whereas an age ____ is a group that moves through the categories together.

Correct Answer: grade / set

Question 42


At the top of the caste system in India is the ____ caste.

Correct Answer: Brahman

Question 43


What is an eruv?

Correct Answer: a Jewish space imbued with symbolic meaning

Question 44


Symbolic indicators may not always be reliable in helping you assess someone's class status. Which of the following examples demonstrates this theory?

Correct Answer: b and d

Question 45


In some societies like the ____, many tasks men and women undertake may be shared, and people may perform work normally assigned to the opposite sex without loss of face.

Correct Answer: Ju/'hoansi

Question 46


A(n) ____ is a special form of social class in which membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life.

Correct Answer: caste

Question 47


Which of the following is not linked to a specific caste in the Hindu caste system of India?

Correct Answer: wealth

Question 48


Anthropologist ____ was hired to carry out a social impact assessment of a water diversion project in New Mexico.

Correct Answer: Sue Ellen Jacobs

Question 49


Among the ____ of East Africa, the age group consisting of those initiated into an age grade for a 15-year period amounts to an age set.

Correct Answer: Tiriki

Question 50


The artists and laborers are members of the ____ caste in the Indian system.

Correct Answer: Shudra

The human challege 12 chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8

Question 1

Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.

Correct Answer: False

Question 2


The potlatch was a form of balanced reciprocity.

Correct Answer: False

Question 3


Raw materials, labor, and technology are productive resources used by all societies.

Correct Answer: True

Question 4


Aztec society in the 16th century ____.

Correct Answer: none of the above

Question 5


In what country do we find the Mekranoti?

Correct Answer: Brazil

Question 6


Food foraging societies are egalitarian because ____.

Correct Answer: their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions

Question 7


The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called ____.

Correct Answer: convergent evolution

Question 8


____ is the process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment, which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment.

Correct Answer: Adaptation

Question 9


Many food foraging groups have rituals celebrating the association of men with hunting and warfare, and women with generation of life. They interpret this difference to mean that ____.

Correct Answer: men and women are different, but one is not ranked higher than the other

Question 10


You live in a hunting-and-gathering band. During the rainy season on the savanna where you live, many plants grow, fruits ripen, and animal life abounds. The land would easily support many more than now live in your band. What sets limits on your population is the fact that, given your mode of technology, you cannot keep the water or nurture the plants and animals; thus your group size should not exceed the number that can be supported during the most difficult time of the year, the time of scarcity during the dry season. The land has a certain ____, or ability to support a certain number of people given their type of technology.

Correct Answer: carrying capacity

Question 11


Slash-and-burn cultivation is ____.

Correct Answer: an extensive form of horticulture

Question 12


The nature of women's work in food-foraging societies is:

Correct Answer: is such that it can be done while taking care of children, but is not less arduous than that of the men.

Question 13


"Greater wealth brings greater obligation to give." Such an obligation may be referred to as ____.

Correct Answer: a leveling mechanism

Question 14


Which of the following is not a reason why recruiters from multinational corporations might try to recruit anthropologists?

Correct Answer: Because anthropologists are intimately involved in the lives of the people they study, they can be recruited by the American government to spy on local insurgents and trouble-makers for big business.

Question 15


The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services ____.

Correct Answer: for the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige

Question 16


A Navaho gives ten of his sheep that he knows are infected with disease to a Hopi in exchange for a jeep. This is an example of ____.

Correct Answer: negative reciprocity

Question 17


A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that escape government control is called ____.

Correct Answer: informal market

Question 18


Cooperative work groups are found ____.

Correct Answer: in all societies

Question 19


The Afar people of Ethiopia specialize in ____.

Correct Answer: mining salt

Question 20


Among the ____, children are expected to contribute significantly to subsistence before they become teens.

Correct Answer: Maya

Question 21


Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange are three modes of ____ goods.

Correct Answer: distributing

Question 22


Obligations by wealthier members of the community to give to less wealthy members so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else, is called ____.

Correct Answer: a leveling mechanism

Question 23


As anthropologists have come to understand the traditional practices of indigenous peoples, the more they have been impressed by the soundness and sophistication of their knowledge.

Correct Answer: True

Question 24


The Mekranoti style of slash-and-burn farming did not grow well because animals and insects were constantly invading their gardens.

Correct Answer: False

Question 25


About 3 million people live by food foraging in the world today.

Correct Answer: False

Question 26


The extent to which Native Americans see spirituality is reflected in their belief that all things have spirit.

Correct Answer: True

Question 27


Breast-feeding tends to be relatively long-lived in the industrialized world, due to workplace conditions that facilitate it.

Correct Answer: False

Question 28


The systemic study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds is ____.

Correct Answer: phonetics

Question 29


Chantek was a(n) ____.

Correct Answer: orangutan

Question 30


The price humans pay for spoken language is a(n) ____, caused by a lower position of the larynx and epiglottis.

Correct Answer: increased risk of choking to death

Question 31


Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct?

Correct Answer: Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world.

Question 32


Admiration for a new and clever phrase; the development of a specialized vocabulary to distinguish a professional group; the efforts of the members of the upper class to distinguish themselves from the lower classes by maintaining a distinct mode of pronunciation--all of these may contribute to ____.

Correct Answer: linguistic divergence

Question 33


In the 1930's and 40s, Edward Sapir and ____ investigated the idea that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way.

Correct Answer: Benjamin Lee Whorf

Question 34


The development of different languages from a single ancestral language is called ____.

Correct Answer: linguistic divergence

Question 35


The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its ____.

Correct Answer: grammar

Question 36


The uniquely patterned sounds that are unique to humans and uniquely patterned to a particular language are called ____.

Correct Answer: speech

Question 37


Studies of ____ were developed during World War II to explore the idea that basic personality traits were shared by most of the people in modern nations.

Correct Answer: national character

Question 38


Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect?

Correct Answer: American children growing up in industrial societies develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children in smaller communities.

Question 39


The agents of enculturation ____.

Correct Answer: all of the above

Question 40


In 1690 ____ presented his tabula rasa theory. This idea held that the newborn human baby was like a blank slate, and what the individual became in life was written on the slate by her or his life experiences.

Correct Answer: John Locke

Question 41


Among the Yanomami, ____.

Correct Answer: there is a range of personalities

Question 42


Which of the following statements about the concept of tabula rasa is incorrect?

Correct Answer: The concept expresses the idea that adult personalities are formed largely by their biological inheritance.

Question 43


Margaret Mead's study of three societies in New Guinea demonstrated that ____.

Correct Answer: none of the above

Question 44


Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work in culture and personality published in 1928 was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis. What was this hypothesis?

Correct Answer: The stress and conflict experienced by American adolescents is a universal phenomenon based on maturing hormones.

Question 45


You are studying the modal personality of a particular group of people by giving them Rorschach tests. In American society, a response to the white background (the page on which the inkblots are placed) has been associated with the psychological trait of negativism. You are puzzled because you are getting a lot of white responses, but the people don't appear to be negative in other respects. Then you find out that their favorite color is white, and that they are treating the color of the page not as a background but as a part of the design of the inkblot. This is an example of one of the problems faced by people trying to measure modal personality, which is ____.

Correct Answer: that tests devised in one cultural setting may not be appropriate in another

Question 46


What is the fear reaction of being bewitched found among Algonquian hunters?

Correct Answer: Windigo

Question 47


Human culture as we know it could have easily existed without language.

Correct Answer: False

Question 48


By applying a logarithmic formula to two related core vocabularies, one can determine how many years the two languages have been separated.

Correct Answer: True

Question 49


The gesture component of the gesture-call system consists of facial expressions and bodily postures and motions that convey intended but not subconscious messages.

Correct Answer: False

Question 50


All languages that have been studied, including those of people with supposedly "primitive" cultures, are complex, highly developed, and able to express a wide range of experiences.

Correct Answer: True

The Human Challenge 12 chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 1
A modern definition of culture emphasizes the values, beliefs, and rules that lie behind behavior rather than the actual observable behavior itself.

Correct Answer: True


Question 2

A society is held together by a shared sense of identity and worldview. This collective body of ideas allows a society to make sense of the world, its challenges and opportunities. It is known as ____.

Correct Answer: superstructure

Question 3

Learned behavior is exhibited to one degree or another by most, if not all, mammals.

Correct Answer: True

Question 4

All of the following are common aspects of culture except ____.

Correct Answer: genes

Question 5

The term "gender" refers to ____.

Correct Answer: cultural meanings assigned to the biological differences between the sexes

Question 6

Among the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea, the fact that an attempt to eliminate warfare (which would create a balanced sex ratio) would affect the practice of polygyny, which would affect the economy (since women raise pigs, and the more wives a man has the more pigs he can keep), shows that culture is ____.

Correct Answer: integrated

Question 7


Male dominance is characteristic of all human societies.

Correct Answer: False


Question 8


No known human societies exist, or have existed, that do not exhibit culture.

Correct Answer: True

Question 9


Which of the following is not an element associated with the barrel model of culture?

Correct Answer: interstructure


Question 10


In the movie Witness, a policeman named John Book was able to hide from his corrupt boss by staying with the Amish. He was protected by adopting their mode of dress, by the fact that they had no telephones, and by their being a closely-knit community united by shared values that differed from those of the larger society. The Amish in the United States are an example of a(n) ____.

Correct Answer: subculture


Question 11


The first clear and comprehensive definition of culture was made by ____.

Correct Answer: Edward B. Tylor


Question 12


The ____ of culture is/are what a culture must do to satisfy basic needs of its members.

Correct Answer: functions

Question 13


Chimpanzees hunt for what reason?

Correct Answer: all of the above

Question 14


The evolutionary trend for primate dentition has been toward a reduction in the number and size of the teeth.

Correct Answer: True

Question 15


Anatomically modern Homo sapiens indisputably appear by ____ years ago.

Correct Answer: 30,000


Question 16


The first known stone industry was the Oldowan Tradition, dating back ____.

Correct Answer: 2.5-2.6 million years

Question 17


A race is a subspecies within a species.

Correct Answer: True


Question 18


Which of the following primates has the least opposability in hands and feet?

Correct Answer: humans


Question 19


George Armelagos argues that the first major decline in human health occurred with the earliest human village settlements.

Correct Answer: True

Question 20


The shift from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred within the ____.

Correct Answer: Pleistocene

Question 21


Biological evolution refers to ____.

Correct Answer: changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations


Question 22


European scientists have argued about human classification since the Early Paleolithic.

Correct Answer: False


Question 23


Paleoanthropologists believe that H. erectus had learned to use fire by ____ years ago.

Correct Answer: 1 million


Question 24


Natural selection operates on the level of the individual member of a species.

Correct Answer: True

Question 25


In 1948 anthropologists discovered that aborigines in Arnhem Land were able to sustain themselves well on an average workday of ____.

Correct Answer: less than 6 hours

Question 26


____ specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes.

Correct Answer: Forensic anthropology

Question 27


The branch of cultural anthropology that studies human languages is called ____.

Correct Answer: linguistic anthropology

Question 28


An archaeologist has a research project involving the analysis of an old campsite of a people who relied primarily on foraging for wild foods about 500,000 years ago. This project would be considered ____.

Correct Answer: prehistoric

Question 29


Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans because ____.

Correct Answer: it synthesizes data from many fields in an effort to describe human behavior as a whole


Question 30


Besides interest in descriptions of particular cultures, the ethnologist is interested also in ____.

Correct Answer: cross-cultural comparisons

Question 31


An archaeologist might attempt to study ____.

Correct Answer: a and c

Question 32


Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala worked with traditional healers in what country in order to promote greater awareness and effectiveness in addressing HIV/AIDS rates?

Correct Answer: South Africa

Question 33


Far from being the biological reality it is thought to be, the concept of race emerged in the ____ century as a device for justifying the dominance of Europeans and their descendants over Africans, Native Americans, and other "people of color."

Correct Answer: 18th


Question 34


The shared, learned behavior of non-human apes would in no way be considered a culture.

Correct Answer: False


Question 35


Technical development contributed to the development of anthropology in that it enabled people to travel to remote parts of the world.

Correct Answer: True

Question 36


A study of how people deal with consumer complaints would be a research interest of the ____.

Correct Answer: applied anthropologist

Question 37


What a forensic anthropologist cannot tell from skeletal remains are details of an individual's health and nutritional history.

Correct Answer: False

Question 38


Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term?

Correct Answer: Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.


Question 39


The Human Relations Area Files provide a great deal of data but prohibit cultural comparison.

Correct Answer: False


Question 40


Acculturation studies led to applied anthropology.

Correct Answer: True

Question 41


A formal, recorded agreement to participate in research is called ____.

Correct Answer: informed consent


Question 42


In what country do we find the Trobriand Islands?

Correct Answer: Papua New Guinea

Question 43


The ethical obligation to self-monitor while doing ethnographic research (constantly checking and re-checking personal or cultural biases) is called ____.

Correct Answer: reflexivity


Question 44


When was the first portable synchronous-sound camera invented?

Correct Answer: 1960

Question 45


Extended on-location research to gather detailed information about a society's culture is called ____.

Correct Answer: ethnographic fieldwork

Question 46


Why were there differences between the original field research of Malinowski and that of Weiner some sixty years later?

Correct Answer: all of these

Question 47


The Ayoreo Indians are from Bolivia.

Correct Answer: True

Question 48


When researchers use things such as photographs in order to prompt people to speak with them about a particular topic, these are called ____.

Correct Answer: eliciting devices


Question 49


The two main scholarly components of Cultural Anthropology are ____.

Correct Answer: ethnography and ethnology


Question 50


Gregory Bateson was trained by Alfred C. Haddon, who is credited with being the first anthropologist to ____.

Correct Answer: use ethnographic film